The Three-Stage Model
Human memory is often described as a three-stage system: sensory memory briefly holds raw sensory information, short-term memory actively processes a limited amount of information for a short time, and long-term memory stores information for extended periods, potentially for a lifetime.
Stages of Memory
Each stage has distinct characteristics and functions.
- Sensory memory: holds sensory information for a very brief time (less than a second for visual, a few seconds for auditory). It acts as a buffer for incoming stimuli.
- Short-term memory: holds a limited amount of information (about 7 items) for about 20-30 seconds without rehearsal. It is the workspace of conscious thought.
- Long-term memory: stores an unlimited amount of information for long durations, from minutes to a lifetime. It is the vast archive of knowledge and experiences.
Everyday Example
When you meet someone new, the sound of their name enters your sensory memory. If you pay attention, it moves to short-term memory, where you might repeat it to yourself. If you connect it with something meaningful, it can be stored in long-term memory, allowing you to recall it later.