Interference Theory

Interference theory is a major explanation for forgetting. Proactive interference happens when old information blocks new learning, like using Spanish words when you try to speak French. Retroactive interference is the opposite: new information disrupts old memories, so after learning French, you might forget Spanish. Both show that forgetting often comes from competition between memories.

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Interference theory states that forgetting occurs because other information competes with the target memory. There are two types: proactive interference (old information interferes with new) and retroactive interference (new information interferes with old).

Example: Learning a New Language

If you studied Spanish last year and now study French, you might accidentally use Spanish words while speaking French. This is proactive interference. Conversely, after learning French, you might struggle to recall Spanish vocabulary—that's retroactive interference.

Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference

Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with new learning
Example: Spanish interferes with French

Retroactive Interference

New information interferes with old memories
Example: French interferes with Spanish