Nephron Physiology and Diuretics Exam

Which of the following correctly pairs a nephron segment with its location in the kidney?

Match each layer of the glomerular filtration barrier with its primary function.

Given the following pressures in mmHg, calculate the net filtration pressure: glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure = 60, Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure = 15, glomerular capillary oncotic pressure = 29, Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure = 0. Net filtration pressure = ____ mmHg.

If the afferent arteriole constricts while other factors remain constant, what happens to glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Arrange the following steps of glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule in the correct order.

1. Glucose exits the cell via GLUT2 into the interstitium.
2. SGLT2 on the apical membrane transports sodium and glucose into the cell.
3. Na+/K+ ATPase on the basolateral membrane maintains low intracellular sodium.
4. Glucose diffuses from the interstitium into the peritubular capillary.

If a patient takes a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, what effect would you expect on urine pH and bicarbonate excretion?

Explain how probenecid increases penicillin levels in the blood. Include the role of organic anion transporters in your answer.

Explain how furosemide affects the medullary osmotic gradient and why this leads to the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine.

Explain how urea recycling contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient and distinguish countercurrent multiplication from countercurrent exchange.

A patient is prescribed a thiazide diuretic for hypertension. Which of the following effects on calcium handling is expected?

Describe the sequence of events by which aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the collecting duct, and explain how ADH increases water reabsorption.

Match each diuretic class to its primary site of action and transporter target.

A patient with heart failure is started on a loop diuretic. Predict the most likely electrolyte disturbance and explain the clinical rationale for using a loop diuretic in this setting.